In this article, we explore the fundamental aspects that shape Igbo society, covering core values, traditions, and regulations that guide the Igbo people. These concepts are Pan-Igbo, embraced universally across the diverse ethnic groups of the Igbo pan-ethnicity.

Ofo — God, Ancestors and Man

Present in all Igbo communities, the ofo is a ritual staff of authority that connects families with their ancestors and, through them, to Chineke, the High God. Historically wielded by the okpara, the eldest son of the family, the ofo is used in prayer and invoked during disputes and justice proceedings (ikpe). It symbolises the reverence Igbo people hold for their ancestors and the High God (Chineke/Chukwu) in daily life.

^{Map from Christopher I. Ejizu (1987).}

Okpara, Ada, & Umunna

A diokpa and family at a baby of Igbuzo heritage’s naming ceremony shot by Conianwah. 

The okpara, typically the eldest son, assumes leadership of the family after his father. Known as diokpa or dei in some communities, the okpara holds significant authority within the family and community, guiding decisions and maintaining familial cohesion. The first daughter, Ada, also plays a crucial role, ranking second only to her mother and enjoying certain privileges. Together, they play pivotal roles in the care and transitioning of their parents.

_{A diokpa and family at a baby of Igbuzo heritage’s naming ceremony shot by Conianwah.}

Ala — The Earth

Land ownership disputes are prevalent in Igbo society, as land is not just a commodity but also considered the birth right of the okpara. Moreover, land is revered as the embodiment of Ala, the Earth Mother, the supreme feminine force after Chineke. Many Igbo communities observe special rites to protect and honour the land, such as avoiding burial of ‘bad deaths’ on it and preserving sacred groves.

^{Ala The Earth Mother in a votive mbari shrine shot by Herbert Cole.}

Oji — Kola

The kola nut is a ritualised nut used in various ceremonies, particularly in the ritualistic ceremonies of Igo Oji, Iwa Oji, and Ike Oji. This ceremony further connects the Igbo people with Chineke and their ancestors, serving as a blessing for the family and guests. After the kola nut is blessed and split, it is shared among all attendees. The kola nut is considered an offering to the ancestors.

^{The okwa oji, or kola nut tray, is used to present kola nuts to Chineke, the ancestors, and mankind.}

Written by: Ifeanyichukwu Ubakamma edited by Chisom Akuakonam

Please note that tone markings have not been used in the article.